Part 2: Reading comprehension WHAT’S AFTER UMAMI? SCIENTISTS ARE HUNTING FOR THE SIXTH BASIC TASTE In 1908, Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda was studying the active substances in seaweed, when he made a discovery that would change food science forever. Ikeda realized that a compound called glutamic acid was what gave seaweed its distinctive taste—nothing like the existing basic tastes of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. He named that taste umami. Yet even though people have been eating seaweed, mushrooms, miso, cheese, and fermented foods for ages, it took nearly a century of scientific debate for umami to be recognized worldwide as the fifth basic taste. It wasn’t until the 1990s that it gained universal recognition, and only after extensive scientific studies confirmed that it was unlike any other existing taste. Is it time to add a sixth taste to the list? Some scientists argue that the answer is yes, though there is still debate about what it should be. Scientists have not been intentionally searching for a sixth taste. Rather, “there’s a fundamental science-based search for different ways we can experience the world in terms of taste and how it’s detected,” explains neuroscientist Emily Liman. Advances in understanding the science of taste would allow food scientists to create more delicious foods—and could also help doctors diagnose and treat related disorders that involve a loss of your sense of taste. But getting the scientific community to agree on a sixth sense is not easy. To qualify as a basic taste, any competitor must be proven to be as distinct as the sweetness of berries or the bitterness of kale. First, it’s important to note that “there’s a difference between taste and flavor,” says Marisa Moore, a dietitian in culinary nutrition from Atlanta. “Taste begins on the tongue when food molecules we eat mix with saliva and activate our taste buds, which then send signals to the brain and cause the perception of distinct tastes.” Contrary to popular belief, the tongue does not have specific areas that detect each type of taste. Instead, basic tastes can be picked up by taste buds on various parts of the tongue, though different cells may have varying levels of sensitivity to sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. While taste begins in the mouth, flavor is what registers in the brain when it combines the entire experience of taste, texture, temperature, and aroma. “Taste and other senses do interact in the brain to put together flavor,” says Richard Mattes, professor of nutrition science at Purdue University, “but that’s different from taste.” Various criteria have been proposed over the years to define a new taste. For starters, a taste needs to have a “chemical signature”—a set of chemical components that are distinct from that of other substances. Then, Mattes says, “you need to have a receptor anywhere on the tongue, palate, or throat where the chemical component can interact with a cell in a taste bud.” That cell in the taste bud must then have a mechanism “to change the component’s chemical signal to an electrical signal that is then transmitted through nerves to the brain,” Mattes adds. The electrical signal carried by taste nerves must activate regions in the brain that are associated with taste, and it needs to generate a unique taste perception in the brain that is independent from other tastes. Finally, there needs to be a response in the body that results from these effects. For example, Mattes says, “the perception of sweetness triggers the release of insulin throughout the body.” In short, a major challenge to getting the scientific community to accept a new taste has to do with the complexity of the research that needs to be conducted. “You have to go through a lot to prove a taste exists,” says Dawn Jackson Blatner, a dietitian nutritionist in Chicago. None of the candidates for a sixth basic taste have passed all experimental tests yet—but some of them are closer to doing so than others. Despite all these complications, scientists continue to study taste—and debate what the next big one might be—because taste is important, as it is about what we crave, how we cook, and how satisfied we feel after eating. Text adapted from an article by Stacey Colino. National Geographic [online] (November 25, 2025) seaweed: alga taste bud: papil·la gustativa / papila gustativa palate: paladar crave: tenir desig de / tener antojo de QUESTIONS Answer the questions below using complete sentences. You may use fragments from the text unless specified not to do so. [3 points: 0.5 points for each correct answer. Up to 0.3 points might be deducted from the total mark for lack of intelligibility in the answers provided.]